General Education Teacher Faces Obstacles Every Single Day

General education teacher faces obstacles every single day. The teacher not only needs to be well skilled and educated to introduce the concept to the students, but also needs to include all students equally in the learning process. Moreover, teacher should understand how diverse students learn and what kind of students with disabilities teacher can expect in the classroom. Students with learning disabilities can challenge almost every general education teacher because of their specific learning characteristics that are an integral part of their life. Charlita is an example of a student who has some cognitive weaknesses of learning disabilities including short-term memory, problem-solving, math-comprehension, reading, linguistic, and or verbal comprehension. Therefore, her IEP will be developed based on her struggles to support and improve her weaknesses. Charlita’s IEP team, which includes the parents, worked on special education services to help the student improve at school. In addition, as a foundation for higher achievement, the IEP team will identify: Charlita’s current level of learning or performance, but also the effect or impact of her disability on learning. This process is compared to planning a trip to another country. You need to know where you are starting, as well as any challenges that you can encounter. Based on Charlita’s file, the spelling and reading decoding skills are significantly below her ability. She appears to perform better on nonverbal basedShow MoreRelatedStudents With The Tools And Strategies1708 Words   |  7 Pagesgoal for every teacher is to equip their students with the tools and strategies they need to be successful. Educator’s today are faced with many obstacles in order to meet the academic and emotional needs of all students in their classroom. Traditional classroom s move students to another classroom at the end of the year, while looping provides educators the opportunity to remain with their students to the next consecutive grade level. The shift toward single-grade classes with a single-teacher educationalRead MoreSocio- Cultural Issue and Education1249 Words   |  5 PagesFinal Paper Socio- Cultural issue and education Education gives us knowledge of the world around us. Education is not only about what we learn in our textbook as students but about the lessons we learn from those text books. It helps students develop a perspective on how to look at life. Education is the basic foundation for every one. It is instrumental in the development of our values and virtues. The future of our nation is safe in the hands of educated individuals, which is whyRead More Inclusive Education Essay3017 Words   |  13 Pages Currently, there are many obstacles that face special education. 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OurRead MoreEssay on Japan Students and Education4011 Words   |  17 PagesJapan Students and Education After World War II, Japan was a country left with almost no resources and lacked of man power. However, Japanese had managed to reconstruct the country and make Japan a successful industrialized nation. What had make things change so dramatically? What special magic that Japanese people had used? The answer revealed itself when we look closer at the history of the Japan Education System. According to Okano and Tsuchiya that â€Å"Japan education can be split into pre-warRead MoreComparative Education13537 Words   |  55 Pageseducational system, which is divided into primary, secondary and tertiary (college) education. Primary and secondary education is usually imparted at public schools although a strong network of private schools also exists. All educational programs in France are regulated by the Ministry of National Education. Schooling in France is mandatory as of age 6, the first year of primary school while secondary education consists of collà ¨ge for the first four years after primary school and the lycà ©e forRead MoreSocial Work And Social Welfare Policy2501 Words   |  11 Pagesdisparity in the distribution of wealth, privilege, respect, education, health care, and other necessary resources, such as access to affordable housing, food, and clean water. The perpetuation of inequality creates social conflict and hinders the ability of individuals and communities from achieving their full potential (Blau, 2010). There are several causes for the rise of inequality in the United States, such as our public education system, the philosophy of the underserving poor, lack of affordable

Violent Video Games Essay - 889 Words

â€Å" Video game violence has become a highly politicized issue for scientists and the general public † ( Ferguson, 2007 p309). The video game is always controversial as some of them contain sexual and violence and so on. Especially some violence games were played by the adolescents. Adolescents are very fragility. Violent video games are negative for the children which will impact their social relationship, their health and make them has aggressive behavior. First violent video games will impact adolescents social relationship. â€Å" Violence video games will impact family relationship † ( Subrahmanyam et.al, 2000 p123). This causing is very harmful to the children to communicate with their friends. For example, likes myself, When I was grade†¦show more content†¦Epileptic which is a serious illness because it will hurt the brain. Adolescents’ brain does not grow up completely. If they as playing violent video games then get epileptic which will destr oy their whole life. The last problem which is â€Å" playing the video game for a long time will hurt the fingers and a form of tendinitis which is called Nintendinitis that means when they play the game they need to use the right finger to press the button all the time which will cause Nintendinitis† ( Subrahmanyam et.al,2000 p127). Which is the same effect with play violent video games for a long time. As children’s body does not grow mature. If their finger got that illness which will impact their lives in the future. Those are why the violent video games will hurt the health of adolescents. Third, the violent video games will make the adolescents have aggressive behaviors. â€Å" Some evidence shows that children’s play violent video games will increase the aggressive behavior and lead them to violent.† ( Subrahmanyam et.al,2000 p132). The violent video games will lead the adolescent to get violent even crime. For example â€Å" at Columbine High S chool in 1999, the two high school students named Eric Harris and Dylan Klebold before the suited and killed 12 students and teachers. They said they want to be the same with the violent games characterShow MoreRelatedThe Effects of Violent Video Games Essay1685 Words   |  7 Pages Since violent video games, like Mortal Kombat, were created, adolescents who play these games become more aggressive than before. To me, playing violent video games is unsafe for these people since they have the negative influence on these people. I believe that researching on that topic would help us get the sense of what problems to avoid. I wish to know what are the possible effects of violent video games on adolescents’ aggression. The independent variable is violent video games, and theRead More Violent Video Games Essay873 Words   |  4 PagesViolent Video Games There is much persistent debate throughout culture these days concerning video games. Common questions asked are things like ?Where should the lines be drawn in terms of content? and What audience, if any, is this appropriate for? As lawyers fight, bizarre crimes are blamed on video games, constant studies take place, and technology continues to evolve, the video game world continues to thrive and be extremely profitable. While there is near-constant focus on the supposedRead MoreEffects of Violent Video Games Essay1406 Words   |  6 PagesRhetorical Analysis Essay According to the article â€Å"Shooting in the Dark† author, Benedict Carey, states that studies today on violent video games show no concrete evidence on actually long term negative effects on gamers. Mr. Carey is not a researcher or scientist but is a veteran writer of neuroscience, neurology, and psychology. Throughout this article he gives factual evidence and quotes from scholarly sources such as doctors and researchers in the fields of behavior and psychology. The authorRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games1848 Words   |  8 Pages   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Playing video games does not cause violent behavior. Don’t get me wrong, some video games show horrific acts of violence. â€Å"A recent survey found that 92 percent of U.S. kids--ages 2 to 17--play video games, and their parents bought 225 million of them last year to the tune of $6.4 billion.† (Sider 79).What’s here to argue is that violent video games do not cause violence among children, but the blame for violence should be on the individual and people who should have taught the individualRead MoreAffect of Violent Video Games on Children Essays1648 Words   |  7 PagesIntroduction In recent decades, attention has been placed on the influence of violent videogames on the aggressive behaviour of individuals. While some scholars believe that videogames increase aggression amongst children in particular, others claim evidence on the catharsis hypothesis where videogames are argued to be a safe outlet to express aggression (Berger 2002). Although many theories have emerged regarding the influence of violent videogames, the debate continues to be divided between those who claimRead MoreEssay on Numbing Violent Video Games934 Words   |  4 Pages Violent Video Games Did you know that video games aren’t just fun and games anymore? It may be influencing your child to hurt others. Video games are very enjoyable, but they are also very dangerous and unhealthy for children. More than 90% of children and adolescents play video games, the majority of those games contain violent content. However, this does not mean all types of video games are bad and that children will only develop bad habits from playing the video games. Video games can haveRead MoreEffects Of Violent Video Games Essay1712 Words   |  7 Pagesof all of the age groups, teeneagers love video games. Though some say â€Å"it’s just a game†, that simple game could be more of an impact than people think. At the moment teenagers may not see any change in their actions and emotions while playing video games. Violent video games in specific are a huge impact on Americans teenagers. Do parents actually pay attention to the things their children say while playing violent video games? No. Violent video games affect a great amount of America’s teenagersRead MoreEssay on Violent Video Games Cause Violence? 1170 Words   |  5 Pagesand aggression is everywhere; in magazines, in the shops, on the TV, on websites like YouTube as well as in video games. Yet, why is it that those video games are assumed to be the biggest media source responsible for the violent outbursts of different individuals? Is this really the case? Every eight out of ten homes in the United Kingdom own a existing generation games console and video games have become a extraordinary source of education when helping kids to learn, such websites like educationcityRead MoreEssay on The Negative Effects of Violent Video Games1529 Words   |  7 Pagesor what inspired these attacks on these innocent victims? This question has become an epidemic in our country. We live in a violent world and young people have easy access to it whether its on television, in music or on the Internet. But with the explosion of media entertainment in recent years, video games have come under scrutiny as to whether or not violence in video games numbs children and teens to the consequences of real-life violence. The answer to this question is yes. Young children andRead MoreGame over: the Effects of Violent Video Games on Children Essay1416 Words   |  6 PagesGame Over: The effects of Violent Video Games on Children Seven hours. That is the amount of hours a day the average American child plays a video games (Anderson 354), and with technology advancing and games becoming more graphic, the concern over a violent game’s effect over a child’s development is growing. What does playing video games for seven hours do to a child’s development? Violent, role-playing video games adversely affects a child’s development and causes aggression in children and adolescents;

Why Illegals Should Be Deported Free Essays

Why Illegal Immigrants should be deported! Immigrants come to America chasing hopes and dreams of someday having a life of wealth. The United States has this imagine that everything will be better and all your problems will be solved. However, in the last century we’ve had a raise of Illegal Immigrants in the country. We will write a custom essay sample on Why Illegals Should Be Deported or any similar topic only for you Order Now With our economy in the trash and millions out of work it would be helpful if Americans could find work. Even before the economy crashed millions were finding it hard to find a job. One of the main reasons is because illegal immigrants will work for less money and get paid under the table. According to a study a Wall Street investment firm called Bear Stearns did four to six million jobs have taken over by immigrants since 1990. Also, before the recession the poor was already having trouble finding work. The reason for this is business would rather forgo paying taxes on workers, have cheap cost, and save money. Along with this it cause’s the country to spend millions of dollars on Illegal’s who are not paying taxes for programs they use. The tax payers pay in to government programs that provide assistance to many families.Illegal Immigrants’ use these programs without ever having to pay in. It is reported by the IRS that six million file individual income tax returns. With government programs 11-22 billion is spent on welfare, 2. 2 billion in food assistance, and 2. 5 billion in Medicaid. Many understand that some of those are used for the Illegal’s children who do become American citizens. It is also unfair that while the rest of the United States is working hard for their benefits many get to work without having to pay in and get them for free.This makes many think that the Immigrants do not respect our Country enough so they shouldn’t be here. Respect should be a key important factor when living in the United States. If you do not respect it, then how can you live here? Respect can come in many different forms. One of these ways is to pay taxes like other Americans have to. If you’re going to live off American programs than pay in and help support your own way. Also, they send money back to Mexico to their families.Helping out your family is great, but if you’re not paying your taxes and helping stimulate the American economy and your helping another, that’s just not right. It is not fair for those hard working Americans to have to pick up the slack of others. Crime is becoming more of a problem as more Immigrants come to the United States. Crime has risen in many of the areas that illegal’s reside in. It’s said that there are three million incrassated illegal aliens and that 30 percent of federal prisons is made up of illegal aliens.It is said that in 2006 the death toll of Americans killed by Illegal’s overshadowed soldiers killed in Iraq and Afghanistan. Many of the crimes committed by Illegal’s are not just tiny crimes, they are murders, molestations, and drug trafficking. It is said that in one day 12 Americans are murdered by Illegal’s, and that 63 percent are sex offenders. They have also caused a rise in diseases being spread. When entering the United States Legally the immigrants are tested for all diseases that might be spread onto other Americans. When Illegal’s come into the country they are not tested bringing many harmful diseases. In 2002 900 cases of Leprosy were reported, the following three years 9,000 were illegal aliens. Recently Malaria has been found in our blood supply and it has also raisin in southern California, New Jersey, New York, and Houston Texas. In 2006 we started testing for Changas Disease because many Illegal’s infected our supply and it’s said that 100,00-500,000 are infected with it in the united states. Some of the ways it is transferred through is schools, restaurants, police, hospitals, and our blood supply.Many people may not agree to deport the Illegal aliens, but once you sit down and think about the reasons it’s hard to not want to. There may be some good Immigrants, but the facts show that most of them are just causing a problem for the U. S. If one can’t come to the country legally than they shouldn’t be here. The U. S needs to stand up and deport the Illegal’s and guard our borders. It shouldn’t be about how they might not be elected next year for office. It’s a matter of principal and helping the Americans who are here legally and do not break the laws and cause problems. How to cite Why Illegals Should Be Deported, Papers

Research Paper on Sylvia Plath free essay sample

Biography Part I Sylvia Plath was born on October 27, 1932 in Boston, Massachusetts. She lived with her parents Otto Emil Plath and Aurelia Schober Plath and later her brother Warren in the suburbs of Boston (Steinberg). Plath published her first poem at eight years old and was very intelligent. Some would even call her a model daughter because of her straight A’s, popularity in school, and her thrive to be perfect at everything (Gilson). Perfection deceived Plath because it was used to hide her true feelings of depression. These were due to the death of her father in 1940, one week after her eighth birthday (Gilson). Plath pushed forward through the pain and got a scholarship to Smith College in Northampton, Massachusetts. She was very ecstatic to be a ‘Smith Girl’ and tried her best to excel in all of her classes. Plath then moved to New York for a Guest Editorship prize she won in a Mademoiselle contest. While there, Plath began to breakdown and soon had to come home exhausted, emotionally, mentally, and physically. She also came home because she was relying on getting into a Harvard summer class on writing, which she did not receive. Hearing this news broke her even more and she declares not being able to sleep, read, or write, because of it in her novel The Bell Jar (Steinberg). Due to her unhappiness and loss of sleeping, reading, and writing, Plath began to feel suicidal. She nearly killed herself by overdosing on sleeping pills but eventually recovered by having electroshock treatments and psychotherapy (Gilson). Plath excelled more than ever now that the sad days were behind her and she also met her husband, Ted Hughes who was a well known poet as well. Together, they each wrote the best poems of their lifetime and eventually had two children (Steinberg). Plath’s and Hughes’ marriage did not last long because Hughes was caught having an affair with another woman. During this time, Plath wrote many harsh poems about men and expressed her opinions about them by using very feminist diction. The divorce broke Plath’s heart and she became very hopeless again after this event (Steinberg). She was a single woman with two ill children and low money which increased her feelings of sorrow greatly. Gilson) In 1963, Plath killed herself by placing her head in a gas oven; leaving her two children in the care of a house keeper (Steinberg). Although Plath was crazy and had strong opinions about men, she produced many poems about woman’s liberation in the pre-modern period that impacted many people’s lives greatly. Plath’s grave is located in Yorkshire, and is visited by hundreds of her followers each year (Steinberg). Summary of Criticisms Part II In Adams’ criticism, â€Å"Life amp; Letters: ‘The Bell Jar’†, she writes about The Bell Jar, stating that Plath’s novel is â€Å"not really good† as a first novel from an author should be. She explains herself by further saying that it very much an autobiography and in a way, dishonest because it represents a girl becoming crazy. The reader may not thoroughly understand why Adams’ said this because Sylvia was mentally ill, so in a way she was being completely honest. Adams’ must have been trying to establish that if Sylvia would have just written this book as an autobiography instead of a memoir, then she would be writing completely about herself. Nothing would be confused because Plath would be writing about her own life and feelings. According to Adams’, Plath never gave insight on her own reality in the book. She instead would create flashbacks for the main character, Esther, to have in order to fill the pages of the book. Nothing was in present time which Adams’ feels is a mistake, but others may think that every flashback Plath wrote, gave a clue to what was going to happen in the future. (Adams) Corrigan’s criticism, â€Å"Sylvia Plath: a New Feminist Approach†, starts by saying how the way Plath writes about boyfriends in The Bell Jar is a sort of complement to how she writes about them in her poem Ariel. This is an interesting statement because in The Bell Jar, Plath does not make men in general sound good at all, so what is written in Ariel must be completely awful. Plath also always has strong women roles in her stories, which give evidence that Plath may be a feminist. This may be because that is what the characters in both her novel The Bell Jar and her poem Ariel are. Corrigan doesn’t know if Plath’s feminism is political or social, but that they are also shown in her poem Daddy, portrayed angrily. Plath’s main character in The Bell Jar was never really happy with herself for what she was and never felt like she could do what she wanted to, which eventually led to her going crazy. This leads Corrigan to question how any woman could ever perceive anything through Plath’s work if they were looking for freedom and self knowledge because her roles of women are so bitter. Corrigan describes how Plath’s poems are shocking and that they â€Å"tear life wide open†. These qualities, she says, bring meaning to the heavy day-to-day process and tend to hide what is really going on. They don’t show the reality in the poems and focus on instead a very big plot or surprise within the work. Finally, according to Plath, women’s lives continuously go downhill from the moment they are born which may indicate that Plath was insecure and unhappy with herself. Plath probably even recognized this quality, but didn’t do anything but embrace it (Corrigan). Maloff’s first description of Plath’s The Bell Jar from his criticism, â€Å"The Poet as Cult Goddess†, is â€Å"schoolgirlish† because there is no imagination and the events are taken from life and not written into anything special. He says the book is chronological and that if Plath’s â€Å"madness† had started before prior events, that it would be better for those people searching for a more mystical story. Plath did drag on the main character, Esther’s, climb to madness for quite a while which made the story line quite boring for the first few chapters. He describes how the book isn’t special because the suicidal acts are random â€Å"forms of tantrum† and undeserved. The only feeling the story really has is spitefulness because this book was written in Plath’s life experiences under a character’s name (Maloff). Taubman respects Plath’s writing style and says that her novel The Bell Jar is very clever in his criticism, â€Å"Anti-heroes†. He points out that the main character, Esther, is very smart with the world but does not belong in Boston or New York. Big cities may have been the cause of her madness because they can be stressful at times and Plath did not need that added to her already, hard life. He declares that Plath has a different kind of smart and that it is portrayed in her breakdown. She doesn’t go mad in a disturbing way, because it is seen more as a burden on herself more than anyone else. He says that Plath just â€Å"jumps to conclusion† on unqualified evidence and decides to do harmful things to her body, even though she is â€Å"quite sane†. This may be because Plath wanted to feel like she would make an impact on someone, perhaps make them feel bad as though it was their fault she killed herself (Taubman). Synthesis Essay Part III Free From Life Sylvia Plath is an author of many poems and one novel. Her life is an emotional rollercoaster that eventually leads to deep depression. Plath’s first novel was published when she was just eight years old, and her love of writing blossomed from there. She often gets bad reviews which piles on to more unhappiness than she already has due to her father’s death. In her only novel, The Bell Jar, Plath writes completely about herself and her life through a character named Esther. In her novel, she expresses her climb of insanity through undescriptive diction that captures her true style of writing, explains her smalls steps to becoming suicidal and attempting to kill herself, reveals herself as a very opinioned woman who feels that dying is the answer to everything, and impacts the pre-modern era by supporting women’s liberation. Sylvia Plath’s style of writing is impacted through the trials she has gone through with depression. At times, her writing is very thought out and contains good analogies and other literary devices, but most of the time her book contains undescriptive diction. Critic, Saul Maloff, declares â€Å"nothing is imagined; the events come straight out of life, untransfigured; the madness and suicide are facts like any other. No insight, no illumination, no irony, no following wisdom† (Maloff). Maloff is correct on his statement. Plath does not have a good way with words. Her novel, The Bell Jar, is full of stories from her life mashed up into a book with a clever title on top. She doesn’t connect with the reader and doesn’t explain herself thoroughly when describing why she went mad. Another critic, Phoebe-Lou Adams, has a similar point of view to Maloff. She says â€Å"It is also highly autobiographical†¦ [but] never solved the problem of providing the reader with the clues to the objective reality of episodes reported through the consciousness of a deranged narrator† (Adams). Again Plath’s writing is said to not being descriptive enough. This is a common struggle for Plath that is present in a lot of her work. Her lack of excitement for life also plays a big role in the fact that her writing is dull because why would someone who wants to die care about being descriptive. Plath’s insanity did not come all at once, it took a while for her to realize how crazy she really was. In fact, as a teen, she was even considered a â€Å"model daughter†. Everyone wanted to be like her because she was popular, smart, and a perfect, but this did not last long. Plath describes her climb of insanity in The Bell Jar, and gives the reader clues of how crazy she is getting by providing evidence. A quotation from her novel states: I hadn’t, at the last moment, felt like washing off the two diagonal lines of dried blood that marked my cheeks. They seemed touching, and rather spectacular, and I thought I would carry them around with me, like the relic of a dead lover, till they wore off on their own accord†¦ ‘Why lovey, what’s happened to your face? ’ ‘Cut myself,’ I said briefly and crawled into the back seat†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Plath 112-113) In this quotation, Plath perfectly describes how much she cares about herself and her physical appearance. It portrays that Plath’s craziness has gone to such a level that doing these abnormal things seem quite elegant and possibly even pretty to her. Taubman has an interesting point of view on Plath’s suicide as well. He claims â€Å"Despite the asylums and shock treatment, she goes mad in a rather undisturbing way, partly because she writes about it with such bright assurance, partly because it’s seen much less as a failure in herself than as a judgment on the world† (Taubman). His opinion is very optimistic in a way that it makes the reader think about what kind of a person Sylvia Plath is. If he truly believes that she wasn’t depressed because she was a failure, then why would so many of her poems be written about things in her life including depression, feminism, and oddly enough, failure. It is possible to say that Plath didn’t blame herself for this horrible self-destruction; instead she blamed the world for not trying to make her stop doing it. Eventually Plath’s craziness gets to such a level that she believes death would be better than living. In The Bell Jar, Plath wrote a lot about different ways of killing herself. She often wanted to try them right then and there, but didn’t have the right supplies. This is shocking because most people believe that life is something to be cherished and not throw away. Sylvia Corrigan, a critic, also shares this same opinion, she says, â€Å"There can be no doubt that her poems are charged with an electricity that shocks, tears life wide open, that exposes a rawness and a meanness under thick blankets of the ongoing process of day-to-day life which tends to muffle the real facts of being†(Corrigan). Plath didn’t find life an adventure at all. She was continuously trying to find something to be unhappy or complain about, which is the theme in The Bell Jar. A quotation from the book states â€Å"I fixed my eyes on the largest cloud, as if, when it passed out of sight, I might have the good luck to pass with it† (Plath 101). Plath always thought about death, whether or not death was near. It could be seen in the most happiest times in her life or most saddest, but it always seemed to be in the back of her mind. It often came up in her novel The Bell Jar, foreshadowing Plath wanting to die. She even attempted it a few times and ended up living afterward, which is ironic because all she ever wanted to do was stop living forever, Sylvia Plath impacted her pre-modern time period a lot because she had a strong opinion on women’s liberation. Corrigan exclaims that the feelings of woman’s roles in Plath’s works are â€Å"often so complex that it is difficult to glean any evidence of a truly feminist bent. She is a feminist in the sense that she perceives inequalities and expresses them excruciatingly well; but there is no prescription for positive thinking or acting†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Corrigan). At this point in time, Plath is very defensive of her rights as a woman because they are starting to be questioned. She writes about them a lot in her poems and especially in her book The Bell Jar. She seems to feel the need to make sure that women are equal but she doesn’t care about what kind of role she is putting out for people to see. In Taubman’s criticism he says â€Å"†¦her sharpness is expressed in such an inner-directed way that on the rare occasions her thoughts get out and touch the world at all they do so only a tangent: ‘If there’s anything I look down on, it’s a man in a blue outfit. Black or grey, or brown even. Blue just makes me laugh’† (Taubman). Plath really did not like men very much and it is clearly shown in this quotation. She goes to the silliest extremes to make men feel bad just to look down upon them. Especially now that people know that she is a feminist, it is shocking that she kills herself with two children left behind. If she were a true believer, she would have been strong and fought the battle of depression instead of giving up so easily and letting her era down. It is also ironic how she wanted more rights for women, but she was not willing to keep up the fight so future generations could have them. This shows just the kind of person Sylva Plath really was; deeply unhappy, strong willed, weak hearted. Sylvia Plath’s life is filled with depression and craziness. She struggles with the ability to stay strong for her people when they truly need her most. In her only novel, The Bell Jar, she writes about her life and in it, expresses her climb of insanity through undescriptive diction that captures her true style of writing, explains her smalls steps to becoming suicidal and attempting to kill herself, reveals herself as a very opinioned woman who feels that dying is the answer to everything, and impacts her era by supporting women’s liberation but falls short of strength to pull through and truly fight for it.

Amniocentesis Process Essay Example

Amniocentesis Process Essay Example Amniocentesis Process Paper Amniocentesis Process Paper Amniocentesis is a procedure in medicine that involves the extraction of amniotic fluid which is found around the uterus fetus when a woman is pregnant. This fluid can be found around the uterine wall. Generally, amniocentesis is used to identify disorders caused by genetics, chromosomal defects and other disease and problems associated with pregnancy. Apart from this, this procedure is used to determine how developed the unborn child’s lungs are and this is done in third trimester of the pregnancy. This procedure is usually carried out between the 15th and 20th week into the pregnancies of people who are liable to genetic disorders and in women who are close to their menopause. There are some people who have prior history of genetic problems. When pregnant, the baby stands the risk of suffering genetic defect and so this must be carried out to ascertain. Although amniocentesis has its advantages, there is the risk that after this procedure is carried out, there would be a miscarriage. Amniocentesis helps to identify several pregnancy disorders. This could be through the process or use of an ultrasound to guide a hollow-shaped needle into the amniotic sac. This ultrasound could be useful at diagnosing open neural tube defects such as spina bifida and anencephaly which affect several babies in America today. In America, statistics have proven that about 4,000 babies suffer from this defect. Apart from this, there are other pregnancy related disorders that amniocentesis aims to detect. A good is example is the Bilirubin Alpha fetoprotein. Alpha fetoprotein is measured in pregnant women with the use of amniotic fluid or their menstrual blood. This is done in order to identify hepatocellular carcinoma and endodermal sinus tumors. Summarily, amniocentesis has proved beneficial to doctors in the field of gynecology and obstetrics. This is because it helps them to know the disorders that occur during pregnancy. Although it has its side effects, when it is carried out properly and at the right time, it is a medical procedure that saves the life of the mother and makes us prepared for latter eventualities.

Reinforcement in Applied Behavior Analysis

Reinforcement in Applied Behavior Analysis Reinforcement can mean lots of things to different people. In the science of Applied Behavior Analysis, it has a very specific and narrow definition. That it is narrowly defined by its function does not narrow the range of possibilities: it can be money, smiles, warm water or an infinite number of things. Reinforcement and ABA Reinforcement is any stimulus (something that a sensory organ can experience) that will increase the likelihood of a behavior reappearing. Can a high pitched noise be a reinforcer? Yes, if the organism finds it pleasurable. Can a punch in the face lead to reinforcement? Yes, if it eliminates some of the throbbing pain of a toothache. A practitioner of Applied Behavior Analysis will seek out the function of a behavior by questioning how a consequence of the behavior creates reinforcement for the client/patient/student. Reinforcement on a Continuum Reinforcement happens along a continuum from primary reinforcement ( food, water, other physical reinforcers ) to social reinforcers, such as social attention, praise or recognition. Many children with disabilities do not respond to secondary or social reinforcers since they dont actually function to provide reinforcement. A child who has spent money will find a quarter reinforcing whereas a child with severe autism or cognitive disabilities will not find a quarter reinforcing. Typical children and most adults generally respond to secondary and social reinforcement. We work long hours for monetary amounts that are deposited electrically into bank accounts we access online or with a credit card. The goal of ABA is to move children along the continuum to secondary reinforcers, so that they, too, will work for a paycheck and learn to make choices about how they use the result of their own labor. For many children with disabilities, that needs to be taught, and it is often learned by pairing primary reinforcers with social or secondary reinforcers. Choosing Reinforcement Once the replacement or target behavior is defined in an operational way, the ABA practitioner needs to find reinforcers that will drive the students/clients behavior. Children with significant disabilities may need to be reinforced with primary reinforcers, such as favorite foods, but unless this reinforcement is paired with social or secondary reinforcers, it can create an unhealthy and unsustainable reinforcement strategy. Many sensory reinforcers can be successful with children with significant disabilities, such as low functioning autism when you can discover what sort of sensory toy appeals to children. I have used buzzing toys, spinning toys, and even water play successfully as reinforcers with students with significant language and developmental disabilities. Some of these children like to play with musical toys. It is important to create a rich menu of reinforcers, and continuously add items into a childs reinforcement menu. Reinforcement, like all matters of taste, change. Also, students can sometimes become satiated by too much of a single reinforcer, whether its Blues Clues or Reeses Pieces. Often, practitioners will begin with a Reinforcer Assessment which can be done a number of different ways. A successful practitioner will ask parents or caregivers for the childs preferred foods, television shows or characters, activities, and toys. These are often a good place to start. Reinforcers can then be presented in a structured or unstructured way. Sometimes two or three items are placed in front of the child at a time, often pairing preferred items with new items. Sometimes you can present a child with a large number of reinforcers at one time, and eliminate items a child ignores. Reinforcement Schedules Research has evaluated regular reinforcement (on a schedule, from each correct response to every three or four responses) as well as variable reinforcement (within a range, such as every 3 to 5 correct behaviors.) It has shown that variable reinforcement is the most powerful. When a child/client discovers that they are reinforced for every third correct response, they rush to the third response. When they dont know exactly when they will be reinforced, they tend to have stronger responses, tend to generalize across environments and tend to retain the new behavior. The ratio is important: too high a ratio too early may not help the subject learn the target behavior, too low a ration may lead to reinforcement dependence. As a child/subject learns the target behavior, the practitioner can thin the reinforcement schedule, increasing the ratio, and spreading out the reinforcement over more correct responses. Discrete Trial Teaching Discrete Trial Training or Teaching (more acceptable now) is the principal delivery method for instruction in ABA, though ABA is increasingly employing more naturalistic methods, such as modeling and role-playing. Still, each trial is a three-step process: Instruction, Response, and Feedback. The reinforcement happens during the feedback part of the trial. During feedback, you want to name the target behavior ¸ and in initial trials, you want to begin with a one to one reinforcement schedule. You will reinforce every correct response in a one to one schedule, so your student understands that he/she gets the goodies every time they give you the behavior you want. Success in Reinforcement The most successful reinforcement is when a child/client begins to reinforce themselves. That is the intrinsic reinforcement that some of us receive for doing the things that we value or enjoy the most. But lets face it. None of us would go to work without the paycheck, though many of us accept a lower paycheck (as lowly teachers) because we do love what we do. Success, for many students with disabilities, is to learn to find social interaction, praise and appropriate social interaction as reinforcers, so that they acquire age-appropriate social skills and function. Our hope is that our students will gain the level of social and cognitive function that will give them full and meaningful lives. Appropriate reinforcement will help them achieve that.

Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 2

Proposal - Essay Example een remained at high levels in UK and this is an issue that should be taken into consideration by the country’s politicians when designing and applied relevant schemes on the particular regions; the needs of the specific areas for further development should be also highlighted and sufficient funds would be released by the governmental and non-governmental organizations; in any case, such an investment would have the prospects to achieve a significant performance – in accordance with the growth of shipping and tourism industry in Britain and the performance of ports (even of the minor ones) across the country. Current research focuses on the potential of growing of minor ports in the UK and the examination of the current and future situation of ports in the above country. Apart from the above issues, a series of additional themes will be also developed in current research (in accordance with their relevance with the main issue under examination): a) role of ports in the development of Britain through the years, b) industrial areas that are depended on the operation of ports, c) cost of maintenance of ports across the country (at an average level), d) evaluation of the importance of ports in UK for the local economy, e) position of Britain in the international market (regarding the performance of its ports) – a comparison with other countries that are also heavily based on ports is also possible. The research methodology employed in this research will be mainly a secondary one. In other words, no interviews or surveys will be conducted; rather all necessary data and info will be gathered from relevant databases (referring to books, journals and websites). In any case statistical data published by governmental and non-governmental organizations will be used and analysed in this study trying to emphasizing on the importance of ports for the development of local and national economy. The reference to similar studies conducted by other researchers would be also

Should the UK withdraw from the European Convention on human rights Essay

Should the UK withdraw from the European Convention on human rights - Essay Example Sovereignty of the parliament dictates that the parliament has the sole discretion to make and amend laws in the UK. No person or body is recognized by the UK legislation to overrule the law made by the parliament. In this spirit the parliament is seen to be competent to make any laws. Laws that deprive the citizens of their right to property, liberty, voting, and life among others should be seen as valid so long as they have been passed by the parliament. This is done in faith that the parliament can exercise self restraint and only pass laws that are at par with the moral standards. However, this has not been the case always because some politicians have normally put their own selfish interests at the cost of national interests. The ECHR being an international body helps to regulate such offensive or repugnant laws. The citizens of Britain should advocate against their government withdrawal from the convention. This is for the benefit of regulation of the laws that the parliament may pass. The Human Rights Act of 1998 and its Problems The human rights act of 1998 was drafted on the principle of protection of human rights but reconciled with the sovereignty of the state (UK Government, 2012). Under this act, the parliament may make legislations and the courts may not necessarily quash them on the grounds of inconsistency with the European Convention on human rights. In fact, it is only the higher courts that should interpret the legislations and determine their inconsistency. The higher courts may only declare incompatibility where it is very clear. This act was put forward in order to ensure parliamentary sovereignty. ... an Rights Act of 1998 and its Problems The human rights act of 1998 was drafted on the principle of protection of human rights but reconciled with the sovereignty of the state (UK Government, 2012). Under this act, the parliament may make legislations and the courts may not necessarily quash them on the grounds of inconsistency with the European Convention on human rights. In fact, it is only the higher courts that should interpret the legislations and determine their inconsistency. The higher courts may only declare incompatibility where it is very clear. This act was put forward in order to ensure parliamentary sovereignty. However, the enactment of the act has transformed the constitutional environment in which the parliament’s legislative power exists; the legislative powers have been altered. Three features of the act pose problems to its enactment and goes against the ECHR. The first problem is that the act places the power to interpret whether the acts are consistent wi th convention rights in the hands of the judiciary. This greatly alters the process of interpretation of the legislation. This has two implications; it is rare for legislation properly interpreted to go against the human rights norms. The parliament will always use a clearer and precise language if it wishes to abrogate human rights. The use of clear language draws the attention of public and the parliament. The government may put a strong justification of the legislation to win the public support. This legislation may be infringing on the rights of the people but it may escape the eyes of the judiciary which has been given the ultimate power to determine its compatibility with the rights convention (Elliot, 2002). The second problem is that the minister in-charge of the bill should make a

Sanctification Based on Calvins Theology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Sanctification Based on Calvins Theology - Essay Example The first part will try to define morality while the succeeding section will tackle about the different meanings attributed to sanctification, giving emphasis on what is taught by Calvinism. In light of this, the issue that links sanctification with morality will be examined through a discussion on the definition of morality. This paper will conclude with its findings. In the strictest sense, morality refers to "which is innately regarded as right or wrong (Morality 2006)." There isn't a concise meaning associated with morality as it often refers to set of judgments and principles shared by individuals in within the same culture, religion, and philosophical concepts which separates and identifies actions which are right or wrong, acceptable and unacceptable. The concept of morality is often used by groups to regulate the functioning of their circle by setting a specific standard by which their members are subjected. In other words, the concept of morality serves as a regulating factor in maintaining the harmony in a group. We can see a problem of morality given this definition. We can see that morality varies from culture to culture, religion to religion, and sometimes even from individual to individual. Some actions are considered acceptable by a culture, while others see the same action as immoral. Examples of these are abortion, white lie, and euthanasia. Some groups and individuals consider these as permissible while others question the morality of such actions. Calvin's Theology John Calvin is one of the most famous theologian and ecclesiastical statesman. Through his revolutionary beliefs and teachings, he became the major French Protestant Reformer and was dubbed as the "most important figure in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation." His ideas of Christianity are found in his famous work Institutio Christianae Religionis (Institutes of the Christian Religion). John Calvin laid out the foundation of Calvinism which is one of the major factors that influenced the formation of the modern world (John Calvin 2002). One of the most important doctrines contained in Calvin's theology is the doctrine of original sin which is adopted from the Augustinian teachings. This doctrine supports the idea that the whole mankind has fallen before God when Adam and Eve fell prey to the temptation in the Garden of Eden. The sin committed by the first man is denoted as the original sin. At that point, sin entered the heart of men and everyone born on this earth has the original sin. Sin is what separates man from his creator. Therefore, the fall of man in the Garden of Eden makes man a slave of sin and every human being has an inclination to commit sin (The Teachings of John Calvin 2000). Institutes of the Christian Religion states that: When the will is enchained as the slave of sin, it cannot make a movement towards goodness, far less steadily pursue it. (2.3.5) Man alone has no power to save himself from sin. Even though his freewill was not removed from him, he cannot resist the urge to commit sin. However, God's great love and compassion for mankind made a remedy for this situation. Through the Son of God Jesus Christ, man was freed from the burden of sin. Calvin refers to this process as justification. Through this justification, man's original sin is forgiven. John Calvin also put forward that another

Rice brokerage firm

Rice brokerage firm Introduction and historical background Brief description of proposed entrepreneurial venture The venture into consideration is a rice brokerage firm which is a service providing firm regarding selling and purchasing of rice to and from different traders and rice mill owners. This firm will serve as a middleman and do not require investment in purchasing rice but this firm will charge 0.5% commission from each buyer and seller for a single transaction. The above said commission will be charged on account of providing services to rice traders and rice mill owners. Context of the organization The business of rice brokerage firm lies in the service industry. The nature of rice brokerage firm is to facilitate people related to rice business to search for buyers and sellers of rice. This firm is aimed at providing best level of services to the clients while providing them value in every service they are seeking for. There is a huge demand of rice in Pakistan and all around the world, and Pakistan produces enough rice to meet domestic rice needs and is able to export as well. Rice is an essential part of Pakistani meals, thats why consumer preferences is still there and they are ready to buy rice at prices that were never before. It is obvious that rice business and its industry will not end-up easily despite high rate of inflation. If domestic people eliminate rice from their lunch or dinner menu or switch to another commodity, the global demand will still be there because people around world like Basmati which is a product of Pakistan. This means that business of rice within Pakistan seems to be a still growing business with profitable opportunities for entrepreneurs. To have a start-up in the rice business, becoming a rice broker is a good option because trade facilitator are always at the safest edge of any business with a minimum investment of PKR: 10,000/- (in this case). Brief history of the industry Service industry is always there since the very start of every business in any industry. My firm is also in the service industry because this firm facilitates the clients trading in same commodity, which is rice, to get information and availability of rice in the market. When rice mill owners process the rice obtained from landlords in raw form to the finished product, it is then required to be supplied to wholesaler and other traders. To lessen the gap of communication and to ease the supply of rice to different ends of the chain brokerage firms are required. And, such services are demanded by many such like businesses to minimize overhead costs of different distribution channels. Information about economy and different trends Rice is vital cash crop and is one of the major export items of Pakistan. It accounted for 5.9 percent of value added sector and 1.3 percent of GDP in FY09. Pakistan grows ample quantity of rice to meet its domestic requirements and also export the high quality rice around the world. The production soared by a commendable 25 percent that helped Pakistan earn sizeable foreign exchange revenue. Rice exports accounted for nearly 11.21 percent of total export receipts FY09 and growers have achieved a bumper production of rice (6.4 million tons) so far in this crop year. Rice harvest was significantly higher than estimated domestic consumption of 2.5 million tons as growers were encouraged by higher rice price in international market following imposition of ban on rice exports by competing countries. Current status of the rice brokerage firms Every year Pakistan produces a decent quantity of rice and it contributes to major part of our country exports. Taking into consideration this fact, there are more and more people entering into this business because this business can be started with an investment of less than PKR 10,000/- and it is within the reach of common man nowadays. Another reason for the still growing business of rice brokerage is that there are wonderful growth opportunities and diversification of business in the field of exporting commodities to different parts of the world and there are examples of such successful people too in the present market have started from a commission agent to a successful rice exporter and rice mill owners, and hence successful entrepreneurs. So, people found this business very much profitable and most of people are still entering into this business. Aim of the service It is reasonable to say here that everybody in rice business wants to purchase and sell rice at his/her doorstep and there is a need to provide the service of brokerage firm to fulfill that need. Most of the times, it is difficult for rice mill owners to go into the market to search for buyers and it incurs a cost to that mill owners, so they prefer to contact brokers like us to search for buyers because those brokers have already contacts of buyers and their requirement in the market accordingly. This approach saves time and cost of every person involved in this business from rice mill owners to buyers to exporters. In order to provide up-to-date information about market prices of rice to traders and mill owners and to ease the process of searching for buyers and sellers is surmised by me as a good opportunity to start a business with a much lesser investment and greater growth opportunities. List of services to be provided Up-to-date information about prices of rice to clients Quality check-up of rice being bought and sold by client by randomly checking samples from the lot Making rice available to clients at best prices SWOT analysis of rice brokerage business Strengths Low investment Easy to operate ROI is high Weaknesses Ease of entry High competition Low sustainability No consistency Opportunities Diversification International trade opportunities Threats Forward and backward integration by major players in the industry Ease of entry into the business and competitor analysis There is a lot of competition in rice trade business because there is no barriers to entry this business. There is tough competition among all players in this business who provide brokerage services to rice traders as this can be done by anyone who can just coordinate between his/her clients. The only thing that matters in this area is trust and relationship building. This can only be made stronger by providing credible services and delivering on promises you have made to your clients because this will be the only differentiating factor that will set you apart from the competitors. However, there is a lack of value added services in the offerings of current brokers in the market of rice business which creates a gap in the area of this business which can be filled by smart entrepreneurs by putting creative destruction into work. This could be a challenging as well as risky task to stand out in competition in such business where most of the major players run their organization in typical seth-way, but when there is a risk there is an opportunity and if it is seen as an opportunity then an entrepreneur has done almost half of its work. Mission To serve rice buyers and sellers through continuing efforts in bringing clients the very best which is available today and ease their process of prospecting. Providing them value in our services by satisfying their requirements of rice, meeting deadline of lead time, consulting them about changing business environment and placing emphasis on trading properly and making money for clients. Vision To become a leader in commodity brokerage firm business and earn loyalty of our clientele base by assisting them in becoming more successful in their commodity trading through continuous improvement in our services by innovation, professionalism and integration. Management considerations Personal expertise Strengths Problem seeker/ proactive Experience Believe in black and white Leadership skills Communication skills Negotiator Ability to make fun oriented environment Straight forward Multi linguistic Weaknesses Cant wait Taking too much time in evaluating alternatives Do not socialize Straight forward Organizational design The proposed design for the venture is organic because of the smaller size and continuously changing outside environment. This is so because the success of the business depends upon the person who is at front end with the client and that person should be given freedom to customize services according to clients needs coping up with the challenges of uncertain external environment. Organizational culture Innovation and risk taking is very high and it will enable us to outperform others in the present market situation There will be a high degree of emphasis on attention to detail to get work perfectly done because a little mistake can lose out our credibility High degree of outcome orientation is entailed within organizations culture to achieve objectives, milestones and vision People orientation will be optimal because founder of this organization will be at front face from the very start of this business to build and maintain the customer base Team orientation is highly appreciated to carry out operations smoothly A blend of cooperative and competitive strategies will be used to sustain and survive into the industry while embedding a bit of higher level of aggressiveness within organizations culture Stability within the organization will be optimal will be taking into account innovation and progress in order to imply a proactive approach Staffing requirements A lawyer will be hired on annual basis for filing sales tax and income tax returns at the end of each fiscal year. Apart from this, a quality control checker will be employed at a monthly salary of PKR: 10,000/- whose responsibility will be to check quality of rice being bought and sold by our clients and to assure them for timely delivery of that quality of rice as demanded by the clients. Operational management issues The quality of services offered to the clients should be maintained to avoid any disappointment and shrinkage of customer base. Following dimensions of service quality are taken into consideration to maintain the consistency in our services: Timeliness: meeting deadlines of all clients Courtesy: giving clients a â€Å"wow† experience Consistency: same and even better quality of service every time Convenience: providing all services at clients doorstep Completeness: taking feedback after successful completion of each job Accuracy: never making client unhappy by doing and providing non professional services Inventory management methods There is no inventory management in the proposed venture because this venture provides no-goods services and do not invest in purchasing commodities, hence there is no inventory. Equipments required Basic equipments required for this venture are personal computer, printer, fax machine and telephone set. Marketing considerations Marketing plan In the commodity brokerage business, there is a high need of marketing to let people know that a new venture is established in this industry providing value added services other than the core activity of assisting and facilitating clients in buying and selling process of rice. The marketing of this firm focuses more on relationship building, communicating value and delivering on trustworthy promises to clients. Segmentation approaches Demographic Industry type There are no barriers to entry in the rice industry because it is a commodity market which comes into the market every year with no limitations on purchasing and selling this commodity. It is a still growing industry and people are still coming into this industry to settle their business. There are very least government restrictions on this industry because rice contribute to major part of our country exports. Company size Due to fewer barriers to entry, everybody regardless of what capital s/he has in the pocket can enter in this industry and can trade rice. Based on this fact, there are too many variations in company size. There are firms which supply rice to small scale retailers and there are firms which are rice mill owners and large scale exporters. The company size may vary from PKR: 100,000/- to PKR: 100 million worth of firm. Location Almost all rice traders do their business in the area of New Chaali (behind I.I Chundrigarh road) and some of them are in Jodia Bazaar. Rice mills are situated throughout the province of Sind but they fulfill the requirements of nearby areas. The rice mills in the area of Gharo and Hyderabad are major supplier of rice to Karachi. Most of the mill owners have offices in Karachi at the above said areas. Operating variables Technology There is no such technology employed as standard in the rice industry but different firms in this industry are using computer software to maintain their books of records, accounting, billing and other related activities. For a private limited company it is necessary to employ software to maintain operational and non-operational activities. For the rice mill owners, new mills are being set up with latest improved technology equipments/machinery to do rice processing in a more efficient and cost effective manner. Customer capabilities Customer capabilities vary from customer to customer. The trade volume varies from 0.5 metric tons to tens of metric tons of rice. Purchasing approaches Purchasing department Some large scale rice trading firms have separate purchasing department which have a huge annual turnover as compared to others, while small scale traders do not have separate purchase department. Most of the firms in rice industry are seth owned and they run their business in a typical seth way. They are responsible for all buying and selling activities. However, accounting activities are assigned to other employees but activities such as purchasing, negotiation, making payments and collecting payments are done by seth himself. Purchasing policies Almost all buyers purchase rice on credit, there are very few who purchase on cash. In Pakistan rice industry, rice buyers make payments to the suppliers/sellers within 30 days but on an average the credit period may extend to 45 days. Purchasing criteria There is no specific purchasing criterion for buying rice. Rice is being bought and sold in the market in a much simpler way, just make a phone call to a broker, s/he will note down buyers requirements, the broker will arrange rice for the client and negotiate on payment terms and conditions with the buyer, receives advance amount of money to conform the deal, finalize the deal and supply the rice to buyers warehouse. Situational factors Urgency For rice exporters, the concerned bank personnel, through which international letter of credit (ILOC) is opened and maintained by importer sitting abroad, checks the quality of rice being exported to assure whether the quality of rice meets the requirements of the importer. If those quality controllers reject the rice for not meeting the required quality, then in order to avoid disappointed customers and delayed shipments exporters rush to the rice market and rice brokers to fulfill the order of the importer. At this instance, targeting such exporters who make mistakes in performing quality control check of rice may be profitable for rice brokerage venture. Size of order If rice market falls short of rice then every trader will buy rice to stock it and then sell at higher rates to make more profits. This is very critical moment in the market and most of the traders want to take advantage of such opportunity, but such decision are based upon environmental scanning and quantity of rice exported versus domestic consumption and availability. In such scenario the size of order increases from normal orders that rice traders used to place for purchasing rice in normal situations. Personal characteristic Buyer-seller similarity There are a lot of similar characteristics among the traders in the rice industry. A buyer wants to buy and a seller wants to sell and the business goes on. The basic similarity among them is that everybody has to agree upon a specific on going market rate. Attitude towards risk There is no higher level of risk involved in the rice trade business because this is a commodity business. The rates of rice do fluctuate on daily basis but not at a higher level. The major increase in rates of rice occurs due to higher exports local/domestic market fall short of rice. Risk is involved when rice is sold at credit and buyer becomes defaulter in making payments to the supplier/seller. All rice traders are aware of risks involved in this business but they believe that trust is the key driving factor of this business and they trust each other despite of having knowledge of all risks involved. Loyalty There is no brand involved in the rice business to which loyalty can be associated. Business people in this industry are loyal to traders who are providing best services to their clients rather than just selling rice which can be done by providing value in their services. Target market selection strategy The rice brokerage venture will adapt full market coverage strategy to meet the needs of all traders of rice because no such customer group is identified in the market that do not want or need to buy or sell rice to run their business. Marketing mix strategies Service description The service to be provided by the proposed venture is to facilitate buyer and seller to look for each other, to fulfill their business needs of rice and making rice available for them at best prices so that they may run their business profitably. The service charges are 0.5% of the overall amount of the rice being bought and sold, which will be charged from each client for a single deal transaction. This venture also caters to the rice mill owners by helping them to look for potential buyers of their processed rice. The said venture will also provide its services to rice growers and so that farmers and landlords may sell rice to rice mill owners at best rates and after processing the rice will be passed on to different channels for furthering its supply into the market. According to product lifecycle, the rice brokerage business is at growth stage. Pricing The cost of service to be charged from clients is based on going-rate pricing strategy. This pricing strategy is chosen for this venture because all competitors in the rice brokerage service industry are charging same rate of commission from buyers and sellers, therefore premium pricing and other pricing strategies will not be feasible for this type of venture. The value that client will get after using our services will help us to build and maintain our clientele base through word of mouth marketing. At the initial stage, the most feasible pricing strategy will be going-rate pricing in order to survive and maximizing sales growth. Promotion All the promotional strategies for this venture focus on partnering with clients, value added selling, consultative selling and building long term sustainable relationship with the clients. All advertising will be done by personal visits to buyers and sellers premises so that interpersonal relationships can be strengthened by personal selling. To make promotional activities strategies more effective, efficient and result oriented we will try to concentrate on customers, preparing ourselves for gathering information about competition, convince the clients about our services by providing guarantee and by delivering on the promises, offering benefits to the clients and handle objections of the clients by listening to them about our offered services which will help us to mould our services according to each client needs. Place Overall marketing strategy Nowadays, business persons have become smart enough to opt for forward and backward integration. Traders buying and selling at large scale do not necessarily engage a rice broker for their trading operations. In such scenario, creating a place in the industry and market place can be a challenging and trivial task. To gain success, following strategies will be implemented for the business of rice brokerage business. Strategy 1 Continuous visits to large and small scale rice traders for prospecting and give them information about advantages associated with services offered by a rice brokerage firm while providing them value in each service, cutting down costs in warehousing and storage of rice, making process of looking for buyers and sellers easy and enabling them to meet each business entity annual revenue targets and turnover goals. Strategy 2 Creating a database of all existing and potential clients to keep individuals up-to-date record of all previous transactions, their feedback about services they have received which will enable us to take corrective measures to further improve on strategy and level of service. Tactics Regularly monitoring and evaluating of current market activities and to take actions accordingly in order to survive in the challenging business environment. Legal considerations and business structure Type of firm The legal form of entrepreneural venture into consideration is sole propreitorship because there are no complex legal requirements of establishing a rice brokerage venture. At the very start of establishing such service providing venture, we need a high level of direct control over operations and processes of business to convince and satisfy our clients about our services. Terms and conditions Goods are delivered at owners risk Seller of rice isnot responsible for any kind of unpleasant event regarding delivery of rice to buyers destination 50% of service charges, which is commission in this case, will be charged at the rate of 0.5% of trade amount from each party, and the rest will be paid by the parties after successful execution and completion of the deal. Transportation charges are to be borne by the buyer Payment agreement will be carried out according to mutual understanding of both parties The broker itself is not responsible for quality of rice not meeting buyers quality needs and requirements. However, we will try our level best to assure our clients about delivery of rice of reqired quality as decided at the time of finalizing the deal Buyout A successful entrepreneur is the person who plans for a good profitable future and not forgetting to plan for coping up with challenges due to changing external environment. Therefore, in the worst case scenario if the propreitor end up doing business with heavy losses then it is easy to exit from this business by shutting down the firm. Despite increased effective tax rate, unlimited liability and difficulties in raising funds, sole propreitorship form of organization still seems to be feasible for this venture. Legal documents The basic legal documents for a sole propreitor venture are; National Tax Number (NTN) Sales Tax Registration Number (STRN) Tax considerations Financial considerations Startup costs SOURCES OF CAPITAL Owners Investment (name and percent ownership) PKR Raj Kumar 100% ownership 1,635,000 Total Investment 1,635,000 STARTUP EXPENSES Capital Equipment List PKR Furniture (tables and chairs) 15,000 Equipment (computer, printer, fax telephone) 18,650 Fixtures (fans and lighting) 7,000 Total Capital Equipment 40,650 Location and Admin Expenses PKR Rental 15,000 Advance deposit 180,000 Telephone connection charges 600 Mobile phone 1,200 Stationary 2,580 Total Location and Admin Expenses 199,380 Advertising and Promotional Expenses PKR Advertising 10,000 Travel/entertainment 10,000 Total Advertising/Promotional Expenses 20,000 Reserve for Contingencies 20,000 Working Capital SUMMARY STATEMENT Sources of Capital PKR Owners investments 1,635,000 Total Source of Funds 1,635,000 Startup Expenses PKR Capital equipment 40,650 Location/administration expenses 199,380 Advertising/promotional expenses 20,000 Contingency fund 20,000 Working capital Total Startup Expenses 280,030

Graduation Speech: Life is a Blank Canvas -- Graduation Speech, Commen

My father always told me that my life is a blank canvas waiting for me to paint my future upon it. As I stand here before my fellow classmates, cherished friends and beloved teachers, I see more than just a graduating class, I see a group of artists waiting to exhibit their art to the world. See, the beauty of my father's analogy lies in the fact that we have all been given the right to choose our own destiny, essentially to paint whatever we want on our canvases of life. Our parents, teachers and friends have taught us all the techniques we need to embrace a bright and beautiful future, and now with this diploma, we stand alone with a paintbrush, palette and a world waiting our arrival. The question now is how do you go from where you are to where you want to be? I don't think there is a universal answer to this question, but I do think that you'll find an answer for yourself once you understand that even though life may appear to be the highest mountain, you can walk over it taking one step at a time. As a painter, you get to determine what kind of day you are going to have, ...

Gender Dysphoria and the Persecution of Transgender People

The morality of sex has been given wide attention because it is a principle to differentiate between proper sexual behavior and improper sexual behaviour. Since the sexual act is connected with the giving birth to children (human reproduction),it despite being a very private and intimate matter. People normally born with only one sex either male or female. There are people who unsatisfied with their own sex which most probably happen in man,they undergo gender reassignment therapy to make themselves a real woman.In 20th century, issue regarding sex exchange is still a rare and unprecedented case. Einar Mogens Wegener make an outstanding decision that he want to undergoes sex exchange,he is one of the first identifiable recipients of male to female sex reassignment therapy which after that named himself as Lili Elbe. In 1930,the medical technology is still not advanced enough to make sure the sex exchange operation can be successfully done but he still determined with his own decision .He went through a series of five operations over a period of two years. However, three months after her last operation, he died. His cause of death is believed to have transplant rejection. He is a pioneer to the history of sex exchange. In the aspect of psychology,the cause of human being who unsatisfied with their own sex and strong willing to undergo sex exchange is due to ‘gender dysphoria’ but the cause of gender dysphoria is still an unknown.Recently, scientific evidence suggests that there are biological influences before birth. This imply that gender identity, along with other physical characteristics, is established long before environmental factors influence individual socialisation. A recent experiment suggests that both biology and some environment influences may play a role in determining gender identity. In the medical model, transsexual men and women are diagnosed with gender dysphoria and gender identity disorder.In the DSM IV the American Psychiatric A ssociation presents several components of what it calls ‘gender identity disorder’: * a strong and persistent cross-gender identification, which is the desire to be, or the insistence that one is, of the other sex * not merely a desire for any perceived cultural advantages of being the other sex but evidence of a persistent discomfort about one’s biologically assigned sex * clinically significant distress or impairment in social, occupational or other important areas of functioning. While some forms of gender identity dysphoria may be temporary and thus ranssexualism is immutable. However, the costs of sex reassignment surgery vary. According to the data collected through internet,Female to male surgery in Toronto costs approximately $10,000 to $12,000. In the UK, where the Gender Identity clinic of the Clark Institute of Psychiatry used to sent its clients, male to female surgery costs approximately ? 9,000 (approximately $18,000 Canadian). The information that is available on costs of sex reassignment surgery indicates that in the United States male to female surgery can cost between $10,000 and $28,000 (U.S. ). According to the 1996 British Columbia law reform project on human rights and the transgendered community, male to female sex reassignment surgery ranges from between $5,000 and $10,000. Female to male sex reassignment surgery costs considerably more, ranging from $20,000 to more than $60,000. Under legal and medical issues,the authors note that the legal system and the medical system have engaged in the ‘medicalisation of identity’. For example, the courts ask whether, medically speaking, a person is a woman or a man.In Ontario, the government interpretation of the Vital Statistics Act requires a medical letter and sex reassignment surgery before allowing a change in the birth certificate. Government policies for other documentation vary, but many ask for medical proof that the individual is transsexual instead of ac cept self-identification. Consultees reported instances of court cases such as custody disputes where the transsexual parent was required to undergo medical assessment to confirm the person's gender identity.Next,transgendered person must receive legal recognition from a gender identity clinic, which is not always accessible, in order to receive appropriate service or treatment from the health care system and other organizations that they may come in contact with. General practitioners often do not have suffivcient resources or expertise that provide appropriate services to transgendered patients. As a result, there are many transgendered individuals who self-medicate and self-treat with hormone therapy, which subsequently puts their health at risk.Many individuals in this situation reported that they felt they have no other option due to expensive operation cost and lack of expertise in this aspect. There are some case that a pre-operative transsexual woman and one intersexed woman should always bring along the letters written by their doctors because the letter recommend the individual and advised that the individual had been diagnosed as having ‘gender identity disorder’ so that the people address the individual as a woman.These two individuals indicated that they carried this letter at all times in the event that they were stopped by the police, stopped when using women’s change rooms or washroom facilities, questioned at government agencies or in any other official setting. It is a recent trend that a growing number of people who are transgendered no longer consider sex reassignment surgery as a suitable option for them either due to cost, medical risks, medical barriers or even on principle.Many of them do not wish to assimilate into a society with rigid bifurcated standards of sex and gender congruence, but rather ask that society accepts and adapts to transgendered people. Nevertheless, a large number of transsexuals in Ontario seek sex reassignment surgery but due to a recent change in government policy, economic and medical barriers, they cannot access it. These factors also effectively preclude transgendered people from accessing hormone therapy.Sex change is a term often used for sex change in humans, that is all medical procedures transgender people may pursue, or specifically to sex reassignment surgery, which usually refers to genital surgery only. It is also sometimes used for the medical procedures intersex people undergo or more often are subjected to as children. â€Å"Sex change† is sometimes also used for the whole process of changing gender role and the medical procedures associated with it.Actually,to them, changing of gender role such as living as a woman instead of living as a man, or living as a man instead of living as a woman, is much more important than any medical procedures. There are many different opinion of people nowadays toward the transgender issue. Some people thought that people who really decide to change their gender must be a brave and ambitious people. They give people some positive effect that we must not let our fear to outweigh our desire to make our dreams come true.Thus,they feel that people who undergoes transgender without care on other people’s view is so courageous as the ready to suffer of the pain in operation and in the cold-shoulder of society. However,there are some people who think that people who not appreciate just will unsatisfired with their own gender,we should appreciate what we had as a gift of God. Therefore,there are some family members who not agree with them and feel that it is a shame toward the reputation of a amily thus this causes some of the thransgender persons homeless. This is because transsexual youth who are open about their identity face extreme abuse and rejection from families and peers. Many are forced to leave their home communities and survive on the streets. During the consultation, some individua ls indicated that they were not in conflict with the diagnosis of gender dysphoria. Indeed, the diagnosis facilitated their ability to identify in their felt gender and allowed them to access sex reassignment surgery.One group involved with transgendered individuals who are homeless, street workers or living with HIV/AIDS stated that the medical diagnosis is especially important for lower income transsexuals who cannot afford private medical care or who are employed during the transition from the birth assigned sex to their felt gender. Others were, at the very least, concerned with the negative stereotyping attached to a diagnosis of a psychiatric disability. Most community members stated that access to medical services for sex reassignment should not be barred even if the psychiatric diagnosis is removed.One group made an analogy between the accommodation of medical needs related to aligning one’s physical appearance to one's gender identity on the one hand and the medical care that is required during pregnancy on the other. For instane,The Supreme Court of Canada in Brooks recognized pregnancy as a health issue rather than a disability and required that accommodation be provided on the former basis. Similarly, it is argued that transgendered persons should be able to obtain accommodation without being ‘pigeon-holed’ as persons with disabilities. According to the data,transgender person actually face a lot of morality problems.For example the transgender students face severe discrimination and harassment in schools. 89. 5% of transgender students report feeling unsafe in schools. Transgender students are at higher risk of dropping out of school and of suicide. Next, many transgender and gender non-conforming students have no access to bathrooms. Some are told to use the bathroom that does not correspond to their gender identity. Many are expelled from school because the school does not know where the person should use the bathrooms. Then, more than one quarter of them said they had lost a job due to being transgender or gender non-conforming and half were harassed.Many Americans have a profound lack of understanding of what it means to be transgender. Consequently, transgender people commonly face a wide variety of discriminatory barriers to full equality. They sometimes face difficulties meeting their basic needs such as getting a job, housing and health care or in having their gender identity respected too like in the simple act of going to a public restroom. As a conclude,the transgendered community has to deal with discrimination, physical violence and undue stereotypes in reality. Those are eight main problems face by transgender people: (a) HIV/AIDSHIV/AIDS is a significant health consideration for transgendered individuals who engage in high-risk behaviors such as unprotected sexual activity or intravenous drug use. This issue is highlighted by a research report done in Vancouver, which indicated that 70 to 8 0 per cent of transgendered sex trade workers are HIV positive. (b) Transgendered Youth Transgendered youth have limited access to professionals who understand the nature of gender identity and how to support a transgendered individual. Continued homophobia and transphobia in the social services directed to gay, lesbian and bisexual and transgendered youth compound this.This was stated several times in the consultations. One woman related the story of her incarceration in youth group homes before her sex reassignment surgery. She was told to act like a man, disciplined for not doing so, and survived the process simply by denying her transgendered status. Further, consultees stated that the educational system does not understand transgendered issues. Transgendered youth and transgendered parents both face barriers dealing with the school system. Some social service agencies are beginning to recognize the need to address these issues.For example, the Catholic Children’s Aid of Metropolitan Toronto has developed a policy that includes transgendered youth in its intervention policy. The policy states that all staff care providers and volunteers must undergo training with regard to the needs, concerns, language, symbols and culture of gay, lesbian, bisexual and transgendered youth and families. Issues concerning sexuality that arise in service delivery to transgendered youth should be treated with the same respect, concern, sensitivity, and confidentiality accorded to heterosexual youth and families. c) Services and Media Service delivery to the transgendered community is generally reported to be poor. In consultations, individuals reported that they had been stopped by the police and told to identify who they were. Hospital workers show prejudicial attitudes in treatment once the birth assigned sex of the individual is discovered. Insurance companies give differential treatment once the transsexual identity of an individual is discovered. Transgendered wome n have difficulty accessing women’s shelters and other social service agencies.Families of transgendered people, including spouses, children and parents also lack the resources to obtain the support and understanding they need and to be free from discrimination. The media generally shows a misunderstanding of the issues faced by transsexuals. There is often confusion of terminology used to describe individuals, i. e. not distinguishing between the issues of transsexuals, cross-dressers, etc. The result is that derogatory or sensationalistic language is frequently used when reporting on issues that are related, in whole or part, to transgender issues. d) OHIP Coverage From 1970 to 1998, OHIP coverage had been provided for sex reassignment surgery for individuals approved by the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry. Ontario’s Ministry of Health treated most aspects of sex reassignment surgery, including out-of-province procedures, as reimbursable services under OHIP. Section 7 of the Health Insurance Act] outlines that breast enlargement, augmentation, mammoplasty or breast reconstruction in a male to female conversion is not an insured benefit unless prior authorisation is received from the Ministry of Health.In all cases, health coverage for sex reassignment surgery in Ontario was contingent upon having completed the program at the Gender Identity Clinic at the Clarke Institute of Psychiatry and having been recommended by the Clinic for sex reassignment surgery. In October 1998, the Ontario government decided to remove sex reassignment surgery from the list of services covered by provincial health insurance. This decision was met with public outcry from the transgender community and is interpreted as a statement that the government does not consider the issues of transgendered people as valid, significant, or important.This decision has a profound impact on transgendered people who are part of a highly marginalised community and who are also often in a lower income bracket which means they lack the financial resources to pay for surgery. The Ministry of Health has not provided any rationale behind the decision to delete health insurance coverage for sex reassignment surgery. An article in the Toronto Sun, based on information apparently provided by the government, states that the savings will be applied to cardiac surgery.However, the public funds allocated for sex reassignment surgery are insignificant when compared to the budget of the Ministry of Health. The article ignores the fact that qualified professionals have identified surgery to be a medical necessity. Moreover, the consequences of not covering surgery may include additional or increased costs in other areas such as counselling and health care. It may also result in an elevated risk of suicide in the transgendered community because individuals are unable to obtain appropriate services. e) Fear of discovery Transsexuals and transgenderists fear discovery of their birth -assigned sex. Likewise, for cross-dressers, the fear of being discovered is a significant concern. The repercussions of being discovered can include termination of employment, loss of housing, loss of services, social isolation and other forms of discrimination, harassment and possibly violence. (f) Hate Crimes and Transgendered Individuals Crime statistics indicate that transgendered people are victims of hate crimes that may also involve violence.Furthermore, such crimes may not be taken as seriously or dealt with appropriately. As noted in a draft brief by the Canadian Task Force for Transgendered Law Reform: (g) Poverty There is no statistical data about the rates of poverty for transgendered people. However, it was noted during consultation that transgendered persons experience severe economic hardship. This could be due to the difficulties in accessing medical and insurance services, discrimination in the workplace, and social and economic marginalisation.Mirha-Soleil Ross, t he co-ordinator of ‘Meal Trans’ a program for transgendered people in Toronto, states that 90% of those people who utilise the program earn less than $10,000 a year. (h) International Persecution of Transgendered People The social rejection of transgendered persons manifests itself internationally through cross-border issues of recognition of transgendered individuals as refugees and related issues of returning them to their country of origin under international law. For example, a transgendered woman who claimed refugee status in Canada was deported to Mexico although she alleged fear of persecution if returned.Public and government should give more concern toward transgender people,we must not discriminate those people but give more positive support toward them as it is not easy fot a person to decide to undergo sex exchange,the person must be tough and brave enough. In order to minimize the rate of suicide in the population of transgender people,we should pay more at tention to them and thus give them an equal rights as what normal people got. We should not evade them in public but on the other hand we should respect their choice of undergo transgender.We always erroneously believe that transgender normally is AIDS carrier but in fact they too love themselves and of course will protect themselves for AIDS by having proper sex intercourse. Recent studies have shown that transgender people are at high risk for HIV. Few studies, however, have directly compared the HIV risks and sexual health of transgender persons with that of other sexual minority populations. This study used baseline data of intervention studies targeting transgender persons, men who have sex with men, and women who have sex with women and men to compare their HIV risk behavior and sexual health.No significant differences were found between transgender persons and non-transgender men or women in consistent condom use or attitudes toward condom use. Transgender persons were less l ikely to have multiple partners and more likely to be monogamous than men who have sex with men; no differences were found between transgender persons and the women in this respect. When combining data on condom use, monogamy, and multiple partners, transgender persons did not differ from either non-transgender group in their overall risk for HIV.Transgender persons were less likely than the men or the women to have been tested for HIV. With regard to HIV prevalence, 17% of the men compared to only one transgender person and none of the women reported being HIV-positive. Transgender persons were also less likely than men who have sex with men to use drugs; no differences were found in the use of alcohol. However, with regard to mental health, transgender persons were more likely than the men to have experienced depression and more likely than men or women to have considered or attempted suicide.Finally, transgender persons reported the lowest levels of support from family and peers. Thus, in our sample, transgender persons appear to be at lower risk for HIV but at higher risk for mental health concerns than men who have sex with men. Remarkably few differences were found between transgender persons and women who have sex with women and men-a finding which might reflect the impact of social stigma on sexual health and have implications for the design of future HIV/STI prevention efforts.